Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia and accounts for approximately 60% of all dementia cases Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities.
AD usually begins after age 60. The risk goes up as you get older. Your risk is also higher if a family member has had the disease.No treatment can stop the disease. However, some drugs may help keep symptoms from getting worse for a limited time.
Signs and symptoms
The degenerative changes that occur with Alzheimer's disease affect the areas of the brain that control thought, memory and language resulting in gradual signs and symptoms related to a person’s behavior and mental function. Often, physical functions such as bowel and bladder control are also affected.
Symptoms commonly experienced during the early stages of Alzheimer's disease include:
- Mild forgetfulness : especially short-term memory loss
- Mood changes, including irritability and anxiety
- Difficulty processing new information and learning new things
- Loss of spontaneity and initiative
- Confusion about time and place
- Communication difficulties
- Decline in ability to perform routine tasks
As Alzheimer’s disease progresses the following symptoms may develop:
- Increasing short-term memory loss and confusion
- Difficulty recognizing family and friends
- Shorter attention span and feelings of restlessness
- Difficulty with reading, writing and numbers
- Possibly neglectful of hygiene
- Loss of appetite
- Personality changes (e.g: aggression, significant mood swings)
- Requires increasing assistance with daily tasks
Towards the later stages of the disease the following symptoms may be experienced:
- Inability to understand or use speech
- Incontinence of urine
- Inability to recognize self or family
- Severe disorientation
- Increasing immobility and sleep time
The changes brought about by Alzheimer's disease can be increasingly difficult for family members and friends. It is particularly difficult as the person’s condition deteriorates and they become unable to recognize loved ones.
Although a person loses many abilities as the disease progresses, it is often helpful to focus on the abilities that do remain, such as the senses of touch and hearing and the ability to respond to emotion.
Prevention / risk reduction
There are no proven ways to prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease. However, there is epidemiological evidence to suggest that leading a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Regular physical activity and exercise may have a general protective effect on brain health and may slow progression of Alzheimer's disease. Although there are no specific dietary specifications for Alzheimer's, a Mediterranean-style diet i.e, plant foods such as vegetables, fruits, beans, whole grains, nuts, olives and olive oil, along with some cheeses, yogurt, fish, poultry and eggs, may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, and has the added benefit of lowering cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk.
Treatment
As there is no known cure for Alzheimer’s disease, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supporting the person and their family. This may include:
- Treating medical conditions that may contribute to confusion or physical decline e.g: lung disease or anaemia.
- Encouraging stimulating activities in order to encourage the person to continue their normal activities as much as possible.
- Providing memory aids and memory triggers such as calendars and written reminders.
- Encouraging social interaction to help prevent feelings of loneliness and depression.
- Contacting support groups that may be able to offer family/caregivers assistance.
- Encouraging regular routine to reduce confusion.
- Not smoking.
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